Hall - theories of representation

  • It can be applied to any media product including newspapers
  • It can be applied practically by newspaper headlines trying to fix the meaning of a representation, both the copy and the photographs. 
  • Draws attention to the role of power in representations - general distribution in power in society and the power of the newspaper as an institution also the power of audience to decode representation -  power of the audience to decode representations in different ways.
limits
  •  Does not explain specific stuff about newspapers.


Theories of identity, Gauntlet

  • applied to any media product
  • sense of identity
  • Guardian - liberal and progressive 
  • Mail - patriotic and hard headed
  • newspapers - offer diverse and sometimes contradictory media messages to audiences - range of points of identification.   
Limits
  • Young audiences wont gain a sense of identity through newspapers but self expression online and by consuming entertainment.
  • Assumes that audiences are powerful, may underestimate the power of media conglomerates to make popular culture,tastes and identities.
feminist theory van zoonen
  • Applied to any media product
  • representation of gender
  • patriarchy applied to ownership and control of newspapers, the recruitment, ethos of proffetionals news values and representation of woman's bodies.
Limits
  • It is a general theory
  • prioritizing gender qualities neglects other inequalities.
  • Stressing over representation may undermine social consensus on representation
Livingstone and Lunt 

Limits
  • does not apply to newspaper because of press regulation. ( press is regulated to an extent.)
Cultural industries hesmondalgh

  • cultural industries draw attention to newspapers as an indusrty
  • it forms and effects ownership and control, the working practices of journalists and creators ad issues of risk and profatability
  • applies to responses of newspapers to competition for readers and revenue from new media.
Limits
  • By prioritising the effects of ownership and control on the content of newspapers this theory may not aid in understanding ideologies, audience choice or media language
  • Conventions may determine media effects
Media effects bandura

  • applies to many media products 
  • mostly to delivered newspapers that are consistent across newspapers e.g. about the wrongness of terrorism 
  • draws attention to the direct affects of newspaper consumers
  • supports people who think newspapers should regulated to avoid public 
Limits
  • originally developed to explain effects of media that are powerful in positioning audiences, such as television, newspaper, aggression or violence may be less likely to produce imitative behavior.
  • newspaper messaging may be contradicted by messages from politically and socially opposing newspapers e.g. guardian and mail. especially social or political conflicts.
  • prioritizing 

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